Also, the degree of mutagenesis achieved can be altered by changing the conditions of the reaction such as the concentration of EMS, the incubation time, the temperature, the reaction pH and the length or the amount of the target gene Lai et al. This study recorded a change in colony phenotype as mentioned before. Tao et al. Their prodigiosin concentrations after 24 h of cultivation ranged between In the same pattern, Sundaramoorthy et al.
Oller reported the glucose Simple sugar and sorbitol Alcoholic sugar had a repressive effect on prodigiosin synthesis. Hejazi and Falkiner reported the highest increase in biomass and the maximal pigmentation was obtained using glycerol cultivation medium.
Gulani et al. Giri et al. It was found that the powdered peanut broth had supported better growth of S. The three non-conventional media suggested in this study showed high fatty acid content. Mekhael and Yousif reported that the medium containing fatty acids is considered to be a rich medium as it contains minerals, vitamins, saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids, since S.
This study examined the effect of different temperatures and pH values on prodigiosin stability by estimating its quantity and, similarly, Gulani et al. It was also stated that prodigiosin showed better antimicrobial activity at the acidic pH, contrary to that which takes place at the alkaline pH.
Mekhael and Yousif found that the prodigiosin antibacterial activity was higher against Gram positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus saprophyticus , Bacillus subtilis , Enterococcus avium and Streptococcus pyogenes compared with Gram negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Aeromonas hydrophila , Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Samrot et al. The antibacterial activity of prodigiosin is the result of its ability to pass through the outer membrane and its capacity to inhibit the targeted enzymes, such as DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are known to be cell growth inhibitors Berlanaga and Vinas Kamble and Hiwarale suggested four possible mechanisms attributed to antimicrobial activity of prodigiosins; which are pH modulators, cell cycle inhibitors, DNA cleavage agents and mitogen activated protein kinase regulators.
Kavitha et al. Prodigiosins induce cell cycle inhibition as well as apoptosis, which may represent them as an attractive candidate for anti-cancer therapy Venil and Lakshmanaperumalsamy Also, prodigiosins are a DNA-interacting agent with a preference of alternating base pairs that induces DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks via poisoning the topoisomerases and through copper-promoted oxidative DNA damage Perez-Tomas and Montaner Other reviews suggested that prodigiosin induces apoptosis independently of tumor protein 53 p53 since oncogenesis is often associated with defects in p They observed that the color of the dye for all the fabrics was completely retained in cases of acid and cold water treatments but a small amount of discoloration resulted after treatment with alkali, cold water and detergent and hot water and detergent.
In the present study, prodigiosin was successively used as a dye for different textiles as well as for materials used for medical purposes like rubber and muslin. The discoloration accompanying detergents can be controlled by adding suitable dyeing stabilizer during the dyeing process.
These results can be managed to use prodigiosin that has antimicrobial activity for medical applications. Advancement in microbial pigments over the past decades encourages consumers to use safer and cheaper pigments with enhanced potency and applications. The present study succeeded in creating variants with increasing prodigiosin productivity using ultraviolet radiation and a chemical alkylating agent like EMS. Employing market-refused products as the sole of carbon source for the fermentation processes is economically cost effective.
The easy extraction technique which was suggested in this study will facilitate the upcoming prodigiosin researches. Dyeing different textile materials with prodigiosin pigment that has an antimicrobial activity paves the way for unlimited medical uses.
Genetic variations among the induced variants will be the scope of another research. Aberoumand A Edible pigments properties and sources as natural biocolorants in foodstuff and food industry. World J Dairy Food Sci — Google Scholar. Berlanaga M, Vinas M Role of outer membrane in the accumulation of quinolones by Serratia marcescens.
Can J Microbiol — Article Google Scholar. Leukemia — BMC Microbiol — Annu Rev Biochem — Genetics — Gulani C, Bhattacharya S, Das A Assessment of process parameters influencing the enhanced production of prodigiosin from Serratia marcescens and evaluation of its antimicrobial, antioxidant and dyeing potentials. Malaysian J Microbiol — CAS Google Scholar. J Immunol Methods — Pakistan J Botany — J Med Microbiol — Infect Immun — Science Translational Medicine, 4 , rr. Nowadays, it is popular to extract the biological products from the plants and microorganism, which have been used in the protection of plants or human beings, due to the natural friendliness Dai et al.
The inhibitory effect of the plant alkaloid camptothecin on the rice sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani.
International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 19 3 , Effects of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide on adipogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Food Science and Technology, 37 2 , Prodigiosin is a critical bioactive compound with common applications in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and textile industries. New strains are still being isolated from the surroundings, because different natural products extracted from different strains might have novel bioactivities Auparakkitanon, Auparakkitanon, S.
Discovery and development of antiplasmodial compounds in thailand during the 21st century. Prodigiosin inhibits motility and activates bacterial cell death revealing molecular biomarkers of programmed cell death. AMB Express, 6 1 , Evaluation of the biocontrol efficacy of a Serratia marcescens strain indigenous to tea rhizosphere for the management of root rot disease in tea.
PLoS One, 13 2 , e Biodiversity of endophytic bacteria which colonize red clover nodules, roots, stems and foliage and their influence on host growth. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 25 1 , Mosquito larvicidal and pupaecidal potential of prodigiosin from Serratia marcescens and understanding its mechanism of action.
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, , Zooshikella marina sp nov a cycloprodigiosin- and prodigiosin-producing marine bacterium isolated from beach sand. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 65 12 , Moreover, S. Glutamine prevents oxidative stress in a model of portal hypertension. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 23 25 , Although the role of prodigiosin has not yet been defined in the physiological and biological processes of the strains, it indeed could exert the antifungal, antibacterial and antiprotozoal activities, which might have potential to be used in clinic Yip et al.
Recent advancements in high-level synthesis of the promising clinical drug, prodigiosin. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 4 , Moreover, both prodigiosin and its synthetic derivatives have potent and specific immunosuppressive activities, with new targets clearly distinct from the other drugs Woodhams et al.
Prodigiosin, violacein, and volatile organic compounds produced by widespread cutaneous bacteria of amphibians can inhibit two batrachochytrium fungal pathogens. Microbial Ecology, 75 4 , Furthermore, prodigiosin is effective in inhibiting the tumor cells and inducing the cellular apoptosis, involving a broad range of cancer cell lines Su et al.
Analysis of the genomic sequences and metabolites of Serratia surfactantfaciens sp nov YD25 T that simultaneously produces prodigiosin and serrawettin W2. BMC Genomics, 17 1 , Small-molecule prodigiosin restores p53 tumor suppressor activity in chemoresistant colorectal cancer stem cells via c-Jun-Mediated DeltaNp73 inhibition and p73 activation.
Cancer Research, 76 7 , Lymph angioleio myomatosis LAM is a rare, progressive and systemic disease that would typically result in the cystic lung destruction, almost exclusively affecting the females, which would be often misdiagnosed as asthma. Oncology Reports, 41 2 , Rapalog resistance is associated with mesenchymal-type changes in Tsc2-null cells. Scientific Reports, 9 1 , More and more attention has been paid to finding the resolution and treatment drugs for the disease.
Otherwise, the inhibition or apoptosis in the TSC2-null cancer cells triggered by prodigiosin, or the action mechanism underlying the apoptosis triggering activities of the bacterial prodigiosin in human LAM, have not been reported. In this study, a special Serratia strain was established. The natural product of this strain was subjected to the identification and characterization. A pigmented strain of S. The strain was maintained and cultured on the nutrient agar medium.
The produced pigment was extracted from the biomass containing S. Pigmented cultures were scraped from the surface of the Petri dishes. Pigment was extracted with the acidified methanol. The extracted red pigment was purified by the thin layer chromatography TLC in the GF silica gel plates. The solvent system used was dichloromethane: Ethyl acetate Separated spot of pigment was recovered by eluting from the silica gel with methanol, which was dried by evaporation.
After drying, the pigment was mixed with the KBr powder and compressed into the pellet for the FTIR spectroscopy with the frequency range of 4, cm The prodigiosin dissolved in methanol was injected into the LC-MS, and MS was performed using the positive ion electrospray ionization, with the following settings: capillary voltage, 3. The TSC2-null cancer cells were kindly donated by Dr.
Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity was measured with the CCK8 assay. The optical density at nm was read with a microplate reader Bio-Rad Laboratories. After the treatment of prodigiosin at different dosages for 48 h, the cell culture supernatant was discarded, and the cells were centrifuged at rpm for 5 min. The fluorescence was then determined using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer, and the percentage of apoptotic cells were counted and calculated.
The S. Moreover, the strain could inhibit bacteria, including the fusarium and bacillus cereus mycoides. Our results showed that the colony of S. Prodigiosin production with S.
In this study, highest pigment production was obtained at pH 8. Pigment yield was higher with vinegar-precipitated casein than high-purity casein. There is a direct relationship between S. Likewise, the aeration rate affected the prodigiosin production in a stirred-tank bioreactor. The results obtained in our study provide information about the use of novel substrates in microbial pigment production. Alihosseini, F. Antibacterial colorants: characterization of Prodiginines and their applications on textile materials.
Biotechnology Progress , 24 3 , Aruldass, C. Brown sugar as a low-cost medium for the production of prodigiosin by locally isolated Serratia marcescens UTM1. Babitha, S. Microbial pigments. Pandey Eds.
Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Bertani, G. Studies on lysogenesis. The mode of phage liberation by lysogenic Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology , 62 3 , Bharmal, M. Study on optimization of prodigiosin production by Serratia marcescens MSK1 isolated from air. International Journal of Advanced Biological Research , 2 4 , Prodigiosin production by Serratia marcescens UCP using renewable-resources as a low cost substrate.
Molecules , 15 10 , Dalili, D. Prodigiosin, the red pigment of Serratia marcescens , shows cytotoxic effects and apoptosis induction in HT and T47D cancer cell lines. Natural Product Research , 26 22 , Fender, J. Serratia marcescens quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase activity mediates medium acidification and inhibition of prodigiosin production by glucose. Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 78 17 , Gargallo, D.
Glucosephosphate dehydrogenase alloenzymes and their relationship to pigmentation in Serratia marcescens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 53 8 , Genes, C. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Trypanosoma cruzi : the role of Serratia marcescens prodigiosin in the alternative treatment of Chagas disease.
Giri, A. V, Anandkumar, N. A novel medium for the enhanced cell growth and production of prodigiosin from Serratia marcescens isolated from soil. BMC Microbiology , 4, Gulani, C. Assessment of process parameters influencing the enhanced production of prodigiosin from Serratia marcescens and evaluation of its antimicrobial, antioxidant and dyeing potentials. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology , 8 2 , Haddix, P.
Prodigiosin pigment of Serratia marcescens is associated with increased biomass production. Archives of Microbiology , 7 , Heinemann, B. Influence of dissolved oxygen levels on production of L-asparaginase and prodigiosin by Serratia marcescens. Applied Microbiology , 19 5 , Imhoff, J. Serratia marcescens has the reproducible capability to break down casein producing a clearing on milk agar plates. Casein is a protein precipitated from milk that forms the basis of cheese and certain plastics [5].
Serratia marcescens uses extracellular enzymes called proteases to break down the peptide bonds CO-NH in casein [4]. Similarly, an extracellular enzyme called gelatinase breaks down gelatin, an incomplete protein that lacks tryptophan. There are other biochemical tests that help to identify Serratia marcescens in the lab.
Serratia marcescens is negative for acid production on lactose, but positive glucose and sucrose with gas production fermentation. Nitrate tests are positive since nitrate is generally used as the final electron acceptor rather than oxygen [4].
Citrate positive test is used by Serratia marcescens to produce pyruvic acid. It is positive for decarboxylase, which is the removal of a carboxyl group from an amino acid, producing an amine and carbon dioxide. The red pigmentation prodigiosin that Serratia marcescens is known for can be a distinguishing factor but is only present in some strains. It is not exactly known why this is, but it is hypothesized that it is a tightly regulated gene product. Many strains appear to have lost the ability to produce it at all.
Serratia marcescens is ubiquitous. It is commonly found in soil, water, plants and animals. It is widely present in non potable water in underdeveloped countries due to poor chlorination. This microorganism is a common agent responsible for contamination of Petri plates in laboratories, and is also found to grow on bread [22]. Although S. The mode of transmission of this microorganism is by either direct contact,or by catheters, droplets, saline irrigation solutions, and other solutions that are believed to be sterile [22].
Serratia marcescens is an opportunistic pathogen that cause nosocomial infections. It is resistant to many antibiotics traditionally used to treat bacterial infections, such as penicillin and ampicillin [9]. Most strains are resistant to several antibiotics because of the presence of R-factors genes coding for antibiotic resistance on plasmids [1].
There are many diseases that are associated with Serratia marcescens : sepsis, bacteremia, meningitis and cerebral abscesses, urinary tract infections, osteomyelitis, ocular infections, and endocarditis [10].
Due to the wide range of diseases Serratia marcescens causes, there is not one determining symptom or source of origin. The biofilms produced are generally pathogenic in the body [2]. Also, as mentioned in the cell structure, the LPS layer is attached to the outer membrane of the Gram negative bateria. The LPS acts as an endotoxin a cell component that is harmless as long as the pathogen remains intact.
The release of LPS would over-stimulate the host defenses and cause them to undergo lethal endotoxic shock [16]. Some of the antibiotics have proven to be effective against Serratia marcescens are the antipseudomonal beta-lactam antibiotics, which kill bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
0コメント