Its burrow, lined with a silk tube, has a diameter from 2 to 4 cm and a length from 30 to 60 cm, and the burrow entrance is often covered with silk net. The spider spends the day huddled at the bottom of the hole, while it ascends the silk tube and hides itself near the burrow entrance waiting for prey at night. After succeeding in catching victims, the spider brings them into the hole.
In many cases, residues of small insects are found at the bottom of the burrow. The wolf spider Lycosa singoriensis is also a venomous and aggressive spider. In , it was reported that there were wolf spider bites to humans and other animals in the northern area of Xinjiang province.
According to clinical records, the majority of the spider bites caused apparent effects, including red marks and pain around the bite sites 8, 9.
In this study, we report the biochemical and pharmacological properties of the venom of the wolf spider Lycosa singoriensis. Compared with many other spider venoms studied so far, this spider venom has some distinct properties, which makes it a useful source for screening drug leads and for studying biodiversity of spider venom peptides. Adult female Lycosa singoriensis spiders were collected in Xinjiang province, China, maintained in plastic buckets that were covered with plastic nets and given water daily.
Chopped pig livers and worms were used to feed the animals. Like many other large spiders 10, 7 , Lycosa singoriensis readily become aggressive when provoked by a piece of plastic tubing. They grasp the tubing tightly, and then its venom fangs pierce the tubing and inject venom inside. This avoids the need for electrical stimulation, which can contaminate venom with enzymes from both saliva and digestive fluids.
Using this method could yield about 50 mg of venom from approximately Lycosa singoriensis spiders, thus enabling exploration of the biochemical and pharmacological properties of this spider venom. The crude venom is a clear and colorless liquid, easily soluble in water and was collected every two weeks. One hundred micrograms of lyophilized venom was used for electrophoresis, and the separated proteins in the gel were visualized by G staining.
Three types of isolated nerve-synapse preparations - mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm, rat vas deferens and toad heart - were used to investigate the pharmacological activity of the crude venom. Vas deferens assays and toad heart assays were performed according to Liang et al. Red blood cells were then incubated at room temperature for 1 hour in deionized water positive control , in PBS blank , or with venoms at various concentrations 3. The samples were centrifuged at 12, rpm for 5 minutes.
The supernatant was separated from the pellet, and its absorbance was measured at nm. Six bacteria Bacillus cereus, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus albus and E. Fifty microliters of medium was spread uniformly on three solidified agar plates. The plates were completed with 1. A 6-mm-diameter filter paper covered the plates. Five microliters of venom solution, in normal saline, at various concentrations was placed onto the filter paper.
It was found that each milligram of crude venom contains about 0. As displayed in Figure 2 , the high-molecular-mass proteins of the crude venom are distributed mainly among molecular masses ranging from 14 to 31, Da, with a thick protein band near 20, Da and another band evident near 14, Da.
Additionally, with the rapid development of mass spectrometry, this technology has been widely used in venom research 5, For example, Pierre Escoubas et al. Their studies demonstrate that the venoms from these spiders contain many hundreds of peptides that follow a bimodal distribution, with the majority of peptides in the 3,to-5, Da mass range, and a second less pronounced group in the 6,to-8, Da range.
This distribution of molecular masses is analogous to that observed previously for a large number of tarantula venoms 4. Similar results were also found in our previous studies of venoms from the Chinese tarantula spiders Ornithoctonus huwena , Ornithoctonus hainana and Chilobrachys jingzhao As presented in Figure 3 , the MALDI-TOF spectrometry analysis of Lycosa singoriensis crude venom demonstrates that the molecular mass distribution is analogously observed in the range from 1, to 10, Da.
However, unlike those aforementioned species, Lycosa singoriensis venom peptides can be divided into three groups by their masses. The first group comprises peptides that possess molecular masses between 2, and 2, Da, which indicates that they have about 20 amino acid residues.
This molecular mass range has rarely been observed in most spider venoms studied to date. My wife killed a large, black, hairy spider. What kind is it and is it dangerous? Call Residential Commercial. How to Identify The Bite Unless a wolf spider is collected, it is difficult to identify the bite of a wolf spider.
Symptoms Typical reactions include initial pain, redness and itchiness that subside over a short time period. How to Identify Bites on Pets Pets bitten by a wolf spider are likely to limp, hold their paw up in the air if bitten on the foot and lick the bite site. Venom: Is it Lethal? Infection Risks Secondary bacterial infections are likely if the bite is not kept clean and disinfected. Your home is your sanctuary.
It's the place where you relax, unwind and feel completely at ease. And nowadays, for many of us, it's also where we work. Because your home plays such a vital role in your life, it's important that it's protected. Though the average adult tarantula grows to be just 4. However, as terrifying as some may think tarantulas are, these creatures have become a relatively popular pet throughout the world. But when did this common practice start? Brown recluse spiders are perhaps most famous for their bite.
So you may be wondering, what do brown recluse spiders eat? When it comes to pest control, there are often many DIY methods available to the average person for a whole host of pests. But what about DIY methods for spider pest control? By using our website, you agree to our use of cookies to analyze website traffic and improve your experience on our website. You can avoid wolf spiders by making sure you keep your home free of clutter, especially in darker rooms where these spiders are most likely to hide.
This is especially practical at night when wolf spiders are most likely hunting. They usually heal on their own within a few days. Some spider bites can lead to serious complications if left untreated. Learn about the symptoms of a brown recluse spider bite and how to prevent getting bitten.
While most bug bites cause only mild symptoms, some bug bites can transmit disease. Read on to learn more about symptoms and how to prevent bug bites. Peppermint oil is a natural insecticide. Spiders aren't technically insects, but they seem to hate the oil all the same. Here's what you should know…. If you have swelling in just one eye or have found a spider in the area where you were bit, it's safe to assume a spider or similar bug is to blame.
Most spider bites are harmless, and symptoms will go away after a few days. Seek immediate medical care if you suspect the following. Learn how to safely and quickly remove a leech, as well as how to recognize a leech and when to seek immediate medical treatment. Termites feed off wood and live in dark environments.
0コメント