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Pigments in fungi are associated with the cell wall. They play a protective role against ultraviolet radiation and can be toxic. The rigid layers of fungal cell walls contain complex polysaccharides called chitin and glucans. Chitin, also found in the exoskeleton of insects, gives structural strength to the cell walls of fungi. The wall protects the cell from desiccation and predators. Fungi have plasma membranes similar to other eukaryotes, except that the structure is stabilized by ergosterol: a steroid molecule that replaces the cholesterol found in animal cell membranes.
Most members of the kingdom Fungi are nonmotile. The vegetative body of a fungus is a unicellular or multicellular thallus. Dimorphic fungi can change from the unicellular to multicellular state depending on environmental conditions. Unicellular fungi are generally referred to as yeasts.
Most fungi are multicellular organisms. They display two distinct morphological stages: the vegetative and reproductive. The vegetative stage consists of a tangle of slender thread-like structures called hyphae singular, hypha , whereas the reproductive stage can be more conspicuous.
The mass of hyphae is a mycelium. It can grow on a surface, in soil or decaying material, in a liquid, or even on living tissue. Most fungal hyphae are divided into separate cells by endwalls called septa singular, septum a, c. Fungal diseases can have a devastating effect on our health and our environment.
From mycotoxins and mycoviruses to the mechanisms of infection of Chalara fraxinea, Candida and Cryptococcus , we touch on the many ways fungal diseases can affect people, animals and plants in this issue of Microbiology Today. This briefing outlines the important, but often overlooked, burden of human fungal diseases on public health. To coincide with this, a two-day international symposium was organised.
Ophiocordyceps spores infect carpenter ants while they are out at night searching for food. The fungus grows inside the ant and eventually causes it to leave the nest, seek out a piece of vegetation and climb it. Next time you go walking in a forest during the summer months, take a look up and see if you can spot any branches missing their leaves.
Homepage Why Microbiology Matters What is microbiology? Fungi Fungi can be single celled or very complex multicellular organisms. They are found in just about any habitat but most live on the land, mainly in soil or on plant material rather than in sea or fresh water. A group called the decomposers grow in the soil or on dead plant matter where they play an important role in the cycling of carbon and other elements.
Some are parasites of plants causing diseases such as mildews, rusts, scabs or canker. In crops fungal diseases can lead to significant monetary loss for the farmer. A very small number of fungi cause diseases in animals.
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